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经济学原理

417 个概念 · 6 个学习中 · 0 个已掌握

欢迎来到经济学

E1.1什么是经济学,为什么重要(What Is Economics, and Why Is It Important?)4
E1.2微观经济学与宏观经济学(Microeconomics and Macroeconomics)3
E1.3经济学家如何使用理论和模型(How Economists Use Theories and Models)3
E1.4经济如何组织(How To Organize Economies)4

稀缺世界中的选择

E2.1预算约束(Budget Constraint)3
E2.2生产可能性边界与社会选择(PPF and Social Choices)3
E2.3回应经济学方法的质疑(Confronting Objections)3

需求与供给

E3.1需求、供给与均衡(Demand, Supply, and Equilibrium)3
E3.2需求和供给移动(Shifts in Demand and Supply)3
E3.3均衡变化四步法(Changes in Equilibrium)3
E3.4价格上限与价格下限(Price Ceilings and Price Floors)3

劳动与金融市场

E4.1劳动市场中的需求与供给(Labor Markets)3
E4.2金融市场中的需求与供给(Financial Markets)3
E4.3市场系统的效率机制(Market System as an Efficient Mechanism)3

弹性

E5.1需求和供给的价格弹性(Price Elasticity)3
E5.2弹性的极端情形(Polar Cases of Elasticity)3
E5.3弹性与定价(Elasticity and Pricing)3
E5.4价格以外的弹性(Elasticity beyond Price)3

消费者选择

E6.1消费选择(Consumption Choices)3
E6.2收入和价格变化如何影响消费(Income and Price Changes)3
E6.3劳动与闲暇选择(Labor-Leisure Choices)3
E6.4跨期选择(Intertemporal Choices)3

生产、成本与行业结构

E7.1显性成本、隐性成本与经济利润(Costs and Profit)3
E7.2短期生产(Production in the Short Run)3
E7.3短期成本(Costs in the Short Run)3
E7.4长期生产(Production in the Long Run)3
E7.5长期成本(Costs in the Long Run)3

完全竞争

E8.1完全竞争及其意义(Perfect Competition and Why It Matters)3
E8.2完全竞争企业的产量决策(Output Decisions)3
E8.3进入、退出与长期均衡(Entry and Exit)3
E8.4完全竞争的效率(Efficiency in Perfect Competition)3

垄断

E9.1垄断如何形成(How Monopolies Form)3
E9.2垄断如何选择价格和数量(Monopoly Price and Quantity)3
E9.3垄断的公共政策(Policy toward Monopoly)3

垄断竞争与寡头

E10.1垄断竞争(Monopolistic Competition)3
E10.2寡头(Oligopoly)3
E10.3博弈论与寡头(Game Theory and Oligopoly)3

垄断与反托拉斯政策

E11.1企业并购(Corporate Mergers)3
E11.2规制反竞争行为(Regulating Anticompetitive Behavior)3
E11.3规制自然垄断(Regulating Natural Monopolies)3

环境保护与负外部性

E12.1污染经济学(The Economics of Pollution)3
E12.2命令控制式规制(Command-and-Control Regulation)3
E12.3市场化环境工具(Market-Oriented Environmental Tools)3
E12.4环境法律的收益与成本(Benefits and Costs of Environmental Laws)3

正外部性与公共品

E13.1创新投资(Investments in Innovation)3
E13.2政府如何鼓励创新(Encouraging Innovation)3
E13.3公共品(Public Goods)3

劳动市场与收入

E14.1劳动市场理论(Theory of Labor Markets)3
E14.2不完全竞争劳动市场(Imperfectly Competitive Labor Markets)3
E14.3工会(Unions)3
E14.4双边垄断(Bilateral Monopoly)3
E14.5就业歧视(Employment Discrimination)3
E14.6移民(Immigration)3

贫困与经济不平等

E15.1贫困线(Drawing the Poverty Line)3
E15.2收入不平等的测量与原因(Income Inequality)3
E15.3安全网(The Safety Net)3
E15.4不平等与贫困政策(Income Inequality and Poverty)3

信息、风险与保险

E16.1不完全信息与非对称信息(Imperfect and Asymmetric Information)3
E16.2保险与不完全信息(Insurance and Imperfect Information)3

金融市场

E17.1企业如何筹集金融资本(How Businesses Raise Financial Capital)3
E17.2家庭如何供给金融资本(How Households Supply Financial Capital)3
E17.3个人财富积累(How to Accumulate Personal Wealth)3

公共经济

E18.1投票参与和选举成本(Voter Participation and Election Costs)3
E18.2特殊利益政治(Special Interest Politics)3
E18.3民主制度缺陷(Flaws in Democratic Systems)3

宏观经济视角

E19.1GDP 衡量经济规模(Measuring GDP)3
E19.2名义值与实际值(Nominal and Real Values)3
E19.3追踪实际 GDP(Tracking Real GDP over Time)3
E19.4跨国比较 GDP(Comparing GDP among Countries)3
E19.5GDP 与社会福利(How Well GDP Measures Well-Being)3

经济增长

E20.1经济增长的近代性(Recent Arrival of Economic Growth)3
E20.2劳动生产率与增长(Labor Productivity and Growth)3
E20.3增长的组成部分(Components of Economic Growth)3
E20.4经济趋同(Economic Convergence)3

失业

E21.1失业率定义与计算(Defining and Computing Unemployment)3
E21.2失业模式(Patterns of Unemployment)3
E21.3短期失业变化原因(Short-Run Unemployment)3
E21.4长期失业变化原因(Long-Run Unemployment)3

通货膨胀

E22.1追踪通胀(Tracking Inflation)3
E22.2生活成本变化测量(Cost of Living)3
E22.3各国通胀经验(Inflation in Countries)3
E22.4通胀混淆(Confusion over Inflation)3
E22.5指数化及其限制(Indexing and Limitations)3

国际贸易与资本流动

E23.1衡量贸易差额(Measuring Trade Balances)3
E23.2贸易差额的历史与国际背景(Trade Balances in Context)3
E23.3贸易差额与金融资本流动(Trade Balances and Financial Capital)3
E23.4国民储蓄与投资恒等式(Saving and Investment Identity)3
E23.5贸易赤字和顺差利弊(Pros and Cons)3
E23.6贸易水平与贸易差额(Level of Trade and Trade Balance)3

总需求/总供给模型

E24.1宏观需求与供给视角(Macroeconomic Perspectives)3
E24.2构建 AD/AS 模型(Building the AD/AS Model)3
E24.3总需求移动(Shifts in Aggregate Demand)4
E24.4总供给移动(Shifts in Aggregate Supply)3
E24.5AD/AS 与增长、失业、通胀(AD/AS, Growth, Unemployment, Inflation)3
E24.6凯恩斯定律与萨伊定律(Keynes' Law and Say's Law)3

凯恩斯主义视角

E25.1凯恩斯分析中的总需求(Aggregate Demand in Keynesian Analysis)3
E25.2凯恩斯分析构件(Building Blocks)3
E25.3菲利普斯曲线(The Phillips Curve)3
E25.4凯恩斯视角下的市场力量(Market Forces)3

新古典视角

E26.1新古典分析构件(Building Blocks)3
E26.2新古典政策含义(Policy Implications)3
E26.3平衡两种视角(Balancing Keynesian and Neoclassical Models)3

货币与银行

E27.1货币的功能(Defining Money by Its Functions)3
E27.2衡量货币:M1 与 M2(Measuring Money)3
E27.3银行的角色(The Role of Banks)3
E27.4银行如何创造货币(How Banks Create Money)3

货币政策与银行监管

E28.1中央银行与货币政策(Central Bank and Monetary Policy)3
E28.2银行监管(Bank Regulation)3
E28.3中央银行如何执行货币政策(Executing Monetary Policy)3
E28.4货币政策与经济结果(Monetary Policy and Outcomes)3
E28.5货币政策陷阱(Pitfalls for Monetary Policy)3

汇率与国际资本流动

E29.1外汇市场如何运作(Foreign Exchange Market)3
E29.2外汇供需移动(Shifts in Foreign Exchange Markets)3
E29.3汇率的宏观影响(Macroeconomic Effects of Exchange Rates)3
E29.4汇率政策(Exchange Rate Policies)3

政府预算与财政政策

E30.1政府支出(Government Spending)3
E30.2税收(Taxation)3
E30.3联邦赤字与国债(Deficits and National Debt)3
E30.4用财政政策应对衰退和通胀(Fiscal Policy)3
E30.5自动稳定器(Automatic Stabilizers)3
E30.6相机财政政策的问题(Problems with Discretionary Fiscal Policy)3

政府借款的影响

E31.1政府借款、投资与贸易差额(Borrowing, Investment, Trade Balance)3
E31.2财政政策、投资与增长(Fiscal Policy, Investment, Growth)3
E31.3政府借款与私人储蓄(Government Borrowing and Private Saving)3
E31.4财政政策与贸易差额(Fiscal Policy and Trade Balance)3

世界各地宏观政策

E32.1世界经济增长(Economic Growth around the World)3
E32.2提高生活水平(Improving Standards of Living)3
E32.3各国失业原因(Causes of Unemployment around the World)3
E32.4各国通胀原因(Causes of Inflation in Various Countries)3

国际贸易

E33.1绝对优势与比较优势(Absolute and Comparative Advantage)3
E33.2一国在所有商品上都有绝对优势时(Absolute Advantage in All Goods)3
E33.3产业内贸易(Intra-industry Trade)3
E33.4拆分价值链(Splitting Up the Value Chain)3

全球化与保护主义

E34.1保护主义:消费者对生产者的间接补贴(Protectionism)3
E34.2贸易对工作、工资和条件的影响(Trade Effects)3
E34.3限制进口的理由(Arguments for Restricting Imports)3
E34.4贸易政策如何制定(How Trade Policy Is Enacted)3
E34.5贸易政策与发展中国家(Trade Policy and Developing Countries)3